वाच्य - Voice

 

 

वाच्य (Vachya) भनेको भनाइ हो । वाक्यमा कर्ता, कर्म, क्रियामध्ये कुनै एकको प्रधानता व्यक्त गर्ने प्रक्रियालाई वाच्य भनिन्छ । अथवा वाक्यमा प्रयोग हुने कर्ता, कर्म र क्रिया मध्ये कुन चाहिँ प्रमुख छ भनेर छुट्टाउने व्याकरणको तत्त्व वाच्य हो ।
(Vachya means the voice. It is the process of expressing the prominence of one of the subject, object, or verb in a sentence. Alternatively, Vachya is the grammatical element that distinguishes which one among the subject, object, and verb is dominant in a sentence.)

वाच्य तीन प्रकारका हुन्छन् :-
(Vachya has three types:)

1. कर्तृवाच्य (Kartṛvachya)
   कर्ता मुख्य (वाच्य) हुने वाक्यलाई कर्तृवाच्य भनिन्छ ।
   (1) Kartṛvachya (Active Voice)
   A sentence in which the subject is the main (active) element is called kartṛvachya.)
   जस्तै :- सीता भात खान्छे ।
   (For example: Sita eats rice.)

2. कर्मवाच्य (Karmavachya)
   कर्ता गौण भई कर्म मुख्य (वाच्य) हुने वाक्यलाई कर्मवाच्य भनिन्छ ।
   (2) Karmavachya (Passive Voice)
   A sentence in which the subject becomes secondary and the object is the main (passive) element is called karmavachya.)
   जस्तै :- तिमीद्वारा किताब पढिन्छ ।
   (For example: The book is read by you.)

3. भाववाच्य (Bhāvavachya)
   भाव मुख्य (वाच्य) हुने वाक्यलाई भाववाच्य भनिन्छ ।
   (3) Bhāvavachya (Causative Voice)
   A sentence in which the emotion or state is the main (causative) element is called bhāvavachya.)
   जस्तै :- रामबाट सुतिन्छ ।
   (For example: He is made to sleep by Ram.)

वाच्य परिवर्तन सम्बन्धी नियमहरू (Rules for changing Vachya):

1. कर्तृ वाच्यलाई कर्म तथा भाव वाच्यमा परिवर्तन गर्ने ।
   (1) Change kartṛvachya (active voice) into karmavachya (passive voice) or bhāvavachya (causative voice).

2. कर्म वाच्यको कर्ता पदमा द्वारा जोड्नु पर्छ ।
   (2) In karmavachya, the subject should be connected with "by" (द्वारा).

3. प्रत्यक्ष कर्ममा लागेको ‘लाई’ हटाउनु पर्दछ ।
   (3) The "लाई" attached to a direct object must be removed.

4. अप्रत्यक्ष कर्ममा लागेको ‘लाई’ यथावत राख्नुपर्छ ।
   (4) The "लाई" attached to an indirect object should remain unchanged.

5. प्रथम पुरुषको कर्ता पद भएमा मिलेसम्म आफू/आफू त लेख्नु पर्छ ।
   (5) If the subject is in the first person, it should remain as "self" or "myself" while making changes.

6. आज्ञा र इछ्या बुझाउने क्रियालाई एक वचनमा भए ‘धातु + इयोस’ को ढाँचामा देखाउनु पर्छ भने बहुवचन भएमा ‘धातु+इयुन’ को ढाँचामा देखाउनु पर्छ ।
   (6) If the verb indicates a command or desire in singular form, it should be in the pattern "verb + iyos", and in plural form, it should be "verb + iyun."

7. अकर्मक कर्तृ वाच्य भाव वाच्यमा रुपान्तरण हुन्छ ।
   (7) Intransitive kartṛvachya (active voice) changes into bhāvavachya (causative voice).

8. भाव वाच्यमा कर्ता देखाउनु पर्दैन ।
   (8) The subject does not need to be shown in bhāvavachya (causative voice).

9. भाव वाच्यको क्रिया सधैं एकवचन, तृतीय पुरुषको पुलिंगी र अनादरवाचीमा रहनु पर्छ ।
   (9) The verb in bhāvavachya (causative voice) must always be in singular, third-person masculine form, and in the impersonal form.

10. वाच्य परिवर्तन गर्दा क्रियाको काल, भाव, पक्ष परिवर्तन गर्नु हुँदैन ।
    (10) When changing the vachya, the tense, mood, or aspect of the verb should not be changed.

11. कर्म+भाव वाच्यका क्रियापद ‘धातु+ई+रुपायक’ प्रत्ययको ढाँचामा हुनुपर्दछ ।
    (11) The verb in karmavachya and bhāvavachya must follow the "verb + i + rupayak" pattern.